在建筑领域，抹面砂浆作为建筑物表面的重要防护层，不仅承担着美化外观的功能，更对建筑物起到保护作用，抵御外界环境因素的侵蚀。然而，随着时间推移，抹面砂浆会受到多种因素影响而老化，其性能下降可能导致墙面开裂、剥落等问题，严重影响建筑物的安全性与耐久性。因此，深入研究抹面砂浆的抗老化性能，探索有效的提升策略，具有重要的现实意义。

　　In the field of architecture, plastering mortar serves as an important protective layer on the surface of buildings. It not only beautifies the appearance, but also protects the building from external environmental factors. However, over time, the plastering mortar will be affected by various factors and age, and its performance may decline, leading to problems such as wall cracking and peeling, seriously affecting the safety and durability of buildings. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to deeply study the anti-aging performance of plastering mortar and explore effective promotion strategies.

　　一、影响抹面砂浆老化的因素

　　1、 Factors affecting the aging of plastering mortar

　　（一）物理因素

　　（1） Physical factors

　　温度和湿度的剧烈变化是导致抹面砂浆老化的重要物理因素。在昼夜温差大的地区，砂浆表面与内部因热胀冷缩程度不同，会产生应力，反复作用下，砂浆内部会逐渐出现微裂缝。而长期处于潮湿环境中，水分的侵入会使砂浆中的可溶性盐类溶解、迁移，水分蒸发后，盐类结晶膨胀，同样会破坏砂浆结构。此外，风沙等颗粒的机械磨损，也会逐渐削弱抹面砂浆的表面强度，加速其老化进程。

　　The drastic changes in temperature and humidity are important physical factors leading to the aging of plastering mortar. In areas with large temperature differences between day and night, the surface and interior of mortar will experience different degrees of thermal expansion and contraction, resulting in stress. Under repeated action, micro cracks will gradually appear inside the mortar. However, prolonged exposure to a humid environment can cause the soluble salts in the mortar to dissolve and migrate. After the water evaporates, the salt crystals expand, which can also damage the structure of the mortar. In addition, the mechanical wear of particles such as sandstorms will gradually weaken the surface strength of the mortar and accelerate its aging process.

　　（二）化学因素

　　（2） Chemical factors

　　空气中的二氧化碳会与抹面砂浆中的氢氧化钙发生碳化反应，生成碳酸钙。这一过程会使砂浆的碱度降低，减弱其对钢筋的保护作用，同时导致砂浆收缩，产生裂缝。酸雨、工业废气中的酸性物质，如二氧化硫、氮氧化物等，与砂浆中的成分发生化学反应，腐蚀砂浆结构，降低其强度和粘结性能。此外，海水中的氯离子若渗透到抹面砂浆中，会对钢筋造成锈蚀，进而影响整个砂浆体系的稳定性。

　　The carbon dioxide in the air will undergo carbonation reaction with the calcium hydroxide in the plastering mortar, generating calcium carbonate. This process will reduce the alkalinity of the mortar, weaken its protective effect on the steel bars, and cause the mortar to shrink, resulting in cracks. Acid rain and acidic substances in industrial waste gas, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, react chemically with the components in mortar, corroding its structure and reducing its strength and bonding performance. In addition, if chloride ions in seawater penetrate into the plastering mortar, it will cause corrosion to the steel bars, thereby affecting the stability of the entire mortar system.

　　（三）生物因素

　　（3） Biological factors

　　在适宜的温湿度条件下，藻类、苔藓等生物会在抹面砂浆表面生长。它们的根系会深入砂浆孔隙，造成机械破坏，同时其代谢产物的酸性物质也会对砂浆产生化学侵蚀。微生物的滋生还会导致砂浆表面颜色改变，影响建筑物外观，并且加速砂浆的老化速度。

　　Under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, organisms such as algae and moss will grow on the surface of the plaster mortar. Their roots will penetrate into the pores of the mortar, causing mechanical damage, and the acidic substances produced by their metabolites will also chemically corrode the mortar. The growth of microorganisms can also cause color changes on the surface of mortar, affect the appearance of buildings, and accelerate the aging rate of mortar.

　　二、抹面砂浆抗老化性能的测试方法

　　2、 Test method for aging resistance of plastering mortar

　　（一）加速老化试验

　　（1） Accelerated aging test

　　通过模拟恶劣的环境条件，如高温高湿、冻融循环、酸碱侵蚀等，在较短时间内加速抹面砂浆的老化过程，从而评估其抗老化性能。例如，冻融循环试验中，将砂浆试件置于低温环境下冷冻，再放入常温水中融化，反复多次后，观察试件的质量损失、强度变化和外观损伤情况，以此判断砂浆抵抗冻融破坏的能力。

　　By simulating adverse environmental conditions, such as high temperature and humidity, freeze-thaw cycle, acid and alkali erosion, the aging process of plaster mortar can be accelerated in a short time, so as to evaluate its anti-aging performance. For example, in the freeze-thaw cycle test, the mortar specimen is placed in a low-temperature environment and then melted in room temperature water. After repeated cycles, the quality loss, strength changes, and appearance damage of the specimen are observed to determine the ability of the mortar to resist freeze-thaw damage.

　　长期暴露试验

　　Long term exposure test

　　将抹面砂浆试件放置在实际的自然环境中，经过较长时间的暴露，定期检测其各项性能指标，如抗压强度、抗折强度、粘结强度、孔隙率等，直观地了解砂浆在自然条件下的老化规律和性能变化趋势。这种方法虽然耗时较长，但测试结果更贴近实际使用情况。

　　Place the plaster mortar specimens in the actual natural environment, expose them for a long time, and regularly test their various performance indicators, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, porosity, etc., to intuitively understand the aging law and performance change trend of mortar under natural conditions. Although this method takes a longer time, the test results are closer to actual usage.

　　微观结构分析

　　Microstructure analysis

　　运用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X 射线衍射仪（XRD）等先进仪器，对老化前后的抹面砂浆进行微观结构观察和成分分析。SEM 可以清晰地展示砂浆内部的孔隙结构、裂缝发展情况以及水化产物的形态变化；XRD 则能够分析砂浆中矿物成分的变化，从而深入探究老化过程的机理，为提升砂浆抗老化性能提供理论依据。

　　Advanced instruments such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to observe the microstructure and analyze the composition of the plaster mortar before and after aging. SEM can clearly display the pore structure, crack development, and morphological changes of hydration products inside the mortar; XRD can analyze the change of mineral composition in mortar, so as to deeply explore the mechanism of aging process and provide theoretical basis for improving the anti-aging performance of mortar.

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