抹灰石膏作为近年来在国内发展起来的一种新型环保建筑材料，适用于各类建筑内墙墙面抹灰，特别用于混凝土墙体及加气砖墙体上直接施工效果尤为突出。

　　Gypsum plastering, as a new type of environmentally friendly building material developed in China in recent years, is suitable for plastering various interior walls and walls of buildings, especially for direct construction on concrete walls and aerated brick walls, with particularly outstanding effects.

　　那么各位在工地上做抹灰石膏施工时最容易出现的问题是什么？不外乎以下六点：

　　So what is the most common problem that people encounter when doing plastering and gypsum construction on the construction site? There are no more than the following six points:

　　究竟如何对石膏抹灰常见问题进行根治呢？本期分享内容为粉刷石膏抹灰常见质量通病及施工工艺。01

　　How to cure the common problems of gypsum plastering? The content shared in this issue is about common quality problems and construction techniques of plastering gypsum. 01

　　为什么会出现抹灰石膏质量问题抹灰石膏是以不低于60%质量比的半水石膏作为胶凝材料，掺入外加剂和集料制成的抹灰材料。随着建筑业的快速发展，新型墙体材料以其轻质、高强、节能等特点，在建筑市场得到了大量运用，然而找平材料更新速度远远跟不上墙体材料的更新速度。传统的水泥砂浆抹灰存在易开裂、空鼓、起砂、粘结性能差等缺点。此外，因凝结硬化慢，装修周期长，尤其是冬季施工，抹灰工序时间间隔较长，已成为快速装修的最大障碍。材料性能的不同导致施工质量的差异，与传统水泥砂浆相比，抹灰石膏具有较大的优势。那么，抹灰石膏施工时有哪些常见问题？

　　Why is there a quality problem with plastering gypsum? Plastering gypsum is a plastering material made of semi hydrated gypsum with a mass ratio of not less than 60%, mixed with additives and aggregates. With the rapid development of the construction industry, new wall materials have been widely used in the construction market due to their lightweight, high strength, and energy-saving characteristics. However, the update speed of leveling materials cannot keep up with the update speed of wall materials. Traditional cement mortar plastering has disadvantages such as easy cracking, hollowing, sanding, and poor bonding performance. In addition, due to slow solidification and hardening, the decoration cycle is long, especially during winter construction, and the plastering process has a long interval, which has become the biggest obstacle to rapid decoration. The difference in material properties leads to differences in construction quality. Compared with traditional cement mortar, plaster gypsum has significant advantages. So, what are the common problems during plastering gypsum construction?

　　01

　　01

　　抹灰石膏出现粉化、空鼓、开裂

　　Plastering gypsum shows powdering, hollowing, and cracking

　　原因分析：① 基层未进行界面处理，石膏中的水分被基层吸走导致粉化、粘结空鼓、表面开裂；② 未分层进行批刮，单遍抹涂过厚，工人抹灰压力不均匀、不密实，导致粘结空鼓、开裂；③ 细部节点部位、交界面未进行加强处理，导致局部开裂；④ 养护不到位，冬季环境温度和基层温度过低，石膏无法充分凝，导致受冻开裂；夏季环境温度和基层温度过高，导致水分会发，无法正常凝固，导致粉化、开裂。02

　　Reason analysis: ① The interface treatment was not carried out on the base layer, and the moisture in the gypsum was absorbed by the base layer, resulting in powdering, bonding hollowing, and surface cracking; ② Failure to apply layer by layer scraping, excessive thickness in a single coat, uneven and non dense plastering pressure by workers, resulting in adhesive hollowing and cracking; ③ The detailed nodes and interfaces have not been strengthened, resulting in local cracking; ④ Inadequate maintenance, low winter environmental temperature and base layer temperature, and inability of gypsum to fully set, resulting in freezing and cracking; In summer, the ambient temperature and substrate temperature are too high, causing moisture to evaporate and prevent normal solidification, resulting in powdering and cracking. 02

　　抹灰石膏出现气泡、鼓包

　　Bubbles and bulges appear in plastering gypsum

　　原因分析：基层气孔封闭不到位，气孔中的水分和空气挥发，导致抹灰石膏出现气泡、鼓包。这里留给大家一个问题，就是针对以上两大类问题，你知道要采取什么样的控制措施吗？

　　Root cause analysis: Insufficient sealing of grassroots pores, resulting in the evaporation of moisture and air in the pores, leading to the formation of bubbles and bulges in the plaster. Here's a question for everyone, do you know what control measures should be taken for the two types of problems mentioned above?

　　02

　　02

　　抹灰石膏标准施工流程机械喷涂抹灰石膏工艺基层检查 → 界面处理 → 安装锚固件 → 设置冲筋 → 设置护角条 → 预留伸缩缝 → 第一次机械喷涂 → 铺设玻纤网格布 → 第二次机械喷涂 → 清洗设备 → 质量验收

　　Standard construction process for plastering gypsum: mechanical spraying, plastering gypsum process, base inspection → interface treatment → installation of anchoring components → setting of reinforcing bars → setting of corner protection strips → reserving expansion joints → first mechanical spraying → laying of fiberglass mesh cloth → second mechanical spraying → cleaning of equipment → quality acceptance

　　手工抹灰石膏工艺

　　Handmade plastering gypsum process

　　基层检查 → 界面处理 → 安装锚固件 → 设置灰饼 → 设置冲筋 → 设置护角条 → 预留伸缩缝 → 局部手工抹灰和铺设玻纤网格布 → 手工抹灰上墙 → 抹平 → 清洗设备 → 质量验收01

　　Grassroots inspection → interface treatment → installation of anchor components → setting of ash cake → setting of reinforcement → setting of corner guard → reserving expansion joints → local manual plastering and laying of fiberglass mesh cloth → manual plastering on walls → smoothing → cleaning of equipment → quality acceptance 01

　　基层检查

　　Grassroots inspection

　　02

　　02

　　界面处理

　　interface processing

　　① 当基层吸水性不均匀时应使用界面剂处理；不同的基层（现浇混凝土、水泥砂浆、加气混凝土砌块等）应分别如何进行处理？② 界面剂可无气喷涂、刷涂或滚涂覆盖全部基层表面，厚度不宜大于 2mm；③ 界面剂充分干燥后，方可进行下道工序。

　　① When the water absorption of the base layer is uneven, interface agents should be used for treatment; How should different base layers (cast-in-place concrete, cement mortar, aerated concrete blocks, etc.) be treated separately? ② The interface agent can be sprayed, brushed, or rolled to cover the entire surface of the base layer without air, and the thickness should not exceed 2mm; ③ The interface agent can only proceed to the next process after it is fully dried.

　　03

　　03

　　网布增强

　　Mesh reinforcement

　　① 容易出现开裂的部位，应进行网布增强处理，需要选用的玻纤网类型和宽度；② 玻纤网布应如何设置？通常应放置于抹灰层的上半层并接近表面；当铺设于已开裂的墙面或墙面有开裂危险时，应放置于抹灰层的底部。玻纤网布处理部位△

　　① The parts that are prone to cracking should be reinforced with mesh fabric, and the type and width of fiberglass mesh that needs to be selected; ② How should fiberglass mesh be set up? Usually placed on the upper half of the plaster layer and close to the surface; When laying on a cracked wall or when there is a risk of cracking on the wall, it should be placed at the bottom of the plaster layer. Fiberglass mesh treatment area △

　　04

　　04

　　灰饼及冲筋设置

　　Gray cake and reinforcement setting

　　① 抹灰饼时，灰饼宜为正方形，根据室内抹灰的要求，确定灰饼的正确位置。先抹上部灰饼，再抹下部灰饼，然后用激光定位仪进行垂直度与平整度的检查；② 灰饼用抹灰石膏制作，相邻灰饼的间距宜为 1.2m~1.5m，且不大于 1.5m；③ 灰饼硬化后，用抹灰石膏冲筋，冲筋间距不大于1.5m；也可以安装定位条代替冲筋，两根定位条的间距不大于1.5m，定位条可以用抹灰石膏粘贴。

　　① When plastering, the plastering cake should be square, and the correct position of the plastering cake should be determined according to the requirements of indoor plastering. First apply the upper plaster, then apply the lower plaster, and then use a laser positioning device to check the verticality and flatness; ② The ash cake is made of plastering gypsum, and the spacing between adjacent ash cakes should be 1.2m~1.5m, and not more than 1.5m; ③ After the ash cake hardens, the plastering gypsum is used to punch the reinforcement, and the spacing between the punch bars is not more than 1.5m; positioning strips can also be installed instead of punch bars, and the spacing between two positioning strips is not more than 1.5m. The positioning strips can be pasted with plastering gypsum.

　　05

　　05

　　护角条设置

　　Corner protection strip setting

　　室内墙面、柱面和门窗洞口的阳角部位需要安装护角条：① 护角条可用砂浆粘结，粘结点间距不大于600mm；② 护角条位置要满足抹灰层平整度设计要求。

　　Corner protection strips need to be installed at the external corners of indoor walls, columns, and door and window openings: ① The corner protection strips can be bonded with mortar, and the spacing between bonding points should not exceed 600mm; ② The position of the corner protection strips should meet the design requirements for the flatness of the plaster layer.

　　06

　　06

　　预留伸缩缝

　　Reserve expansion joints

　　①当基层墙体上有构造缝时，应在构造缝处的抹灰层内留伸缩缝。② 当抹灰层的水平和垂直方向长度超过15m时，设置伸缩缝；当相邻基层变形不同时，设置伸缩缝。③ 伸缩缝内放置泡沫聚乙烯条或其它弹性材料。

　　① When there are construction joints on the base wall, expansion joints should be left in the plaster layer at the construction joints. ② When the horizontal and vertical length of the plaster layer exceeds 15m, expansion joints shall be installed; When adjacent base layers deform differently, set expansion joints. ③ Foam polyethylene strip or other elastic materials shall be placed in the expansion joint.

　　07

　　07

　　手工抹灰

　　Manual plastering

　　抹灰石膏搅拌：① 搅拌前，先将搅拌容器或搅拌机中残留的浆料清理干净。② 使用手持式电动搅拌机搅拌时，现在搅拌容器中加入规定的水，再加入抹灰石膏搅拌，连续搅拌时间不少于2分钟，再按照产品说明书规定的要求静置后再次拌和均匀。抹灰石膏施工：① 当抹灰层厚度超过8mm时，需要分两遍抹涂，第一遍先用抹灰石膏抹一层薄灰，压实覆盖整个基层，待初凝后干燥前抹涂第二遍。② 用刮尺沿冲筋由下往上找平，用刮下的料对凹陷处补料；阴角处用专用工具刮直、找方。

　　Plastering gypsum mixing: ① Before mixing, clean the residual slurry in the mixing container or mixer. ② When using a handheld electric mixer for mixing, add the specified water to the mixing container, then add plaster and mix continuously for no less than 2 minutes. After that, let it stand according to the requirements specified in the product manual and mix evenly again. Plastering gypsum construction: ① When the thickness of the plastering layer exceeds 8mm, it needs to be applied in two layers. The first layer is to apply a thin layer of plaster with plastering gypsum, compact and cover the entire base layer, and apply the second layer after initial setting and before drying. ② Use a scraper to level the punching bar from bottom to top, and use the scraped material to fill in the depressions; Use specialized tools to straighten and square the corners.

　　08

　　08

　　机械喷涂抹灰

　　Mechanical spraying and plastering

　　抹灰石膏浆料调配：设备调试和浆料调配按照安全接电 → 接水 → 接输送管 → 开启电源 → 加入机械喷涂抹灰石膏料浆 → 空桶中试喷 → 调节水压阀的流程进行。抹灰石膏喷涂：① 喷涂时，喷嘴与基面要垂直，距离宜为100~200mm。② 喷涂线路先顶棚后墙面、先房间后公共走道、楼梯间，由左到右、由上到下。③ 喷涂均匀，当抹灰层较厚时可多道喷涂；喷涂一定范围后，立即用刮尺对喷涂面初步找平，有漏浆部位及时喷涂找平。

　　Plastering gypsum slurry preparation: Equipment debugging and slurry preparation are carried out according to the process of safe power connection, water connection, pipeline connection, power on, mechanical spraying of plastering gypsum slurry, trial spraying in an empty bucket, and adjusting the water pressure valve. Plastering gypsum spraying: ① When spraying, the nozzle should be perpendicular to the base surface, with a distance of 100-200mm. ② The spraying route should start from the ceiling to the wall, from the room to the public walkway and staircase, from left to right and from top to bottom. ③ Spray evenly, and multiple coats can be applied when the plaster layer is thick; After spraying a certain range, immediately use a scraper to preliminarily level the sprayed surface, and timely spray and level any areas with leakage.

　　09

　　09

　　质量验收

　　quality acceptance

　　抹灰石膏质量验收符合国家标准《建筑装饰装修工程施工质量验收标准》GB 50210和行业标准《住宅室内装饰装修工程质量验收规范》JGJ/T 304的有关规定。抹灰石膏质量及检验方法抹灰石膏施工质量验收：① 表面应光滑、洁净、颜色均匀、无抹纹。② 护角、孔洞、槽、盒周围抹灰表面整齐、光滑，管道后侧抹灰表面整齐。

　　The quality acceptance of plastering gypsum complies with the relevant provisions of the national standard "Construction Quality Acceptance Standard for Building Decoration and Renovation Engineering" GB 50210 and the industry standard "Code for Quality Acceptance of Residential Interior Decoration and Renovation Engineering" JGJ/T 304. Quality and inspection methods of plastering gypsum: Construction quality acceptance of plastering gypsum: ① The surface should be smooth, clean, uniform in color, and free of plastering marks. ② The plaster surface around the corners, holes, grooves, and boxes should be neat and smooth, and the plaster surface on the back side of the pipeline should be neat.

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