在建筑装饰工程中，抹面砂浆空鼓是常见的质量缺陷，表现为砂浆层与基层之间出现中空层，用硬物轻敲会发出空响。这种问题不仅影响墙面美观，更可能导致瓷砖脱落、涂料开裂等安全隐患。要彻底解决空鼓问题，需从材料、工艺、养护三个维度展开系统分析。

　　In architectural decoration engineering, hollowing of plastering mortar is a common quality defect, manifested as a hollow layer between the mortar layer and the base layer, which will make a hollow sound when lightly tapped with a hard object. This problem not only affects the appearance of the wall, but may also lead to safety hazards such as tile peeling and paint cracking. To thoroughly solve the problem of hollowing, a systematic analysis needs to be conducted from three dimensions: materials, processes, and maintenance.

　　基层处理是预防空鼓的首要环节。混凝土墙面若残留脱模剂或油渍，会形成隔离层，导致砂浆无法有效粘结。某工地曾因模板使用机油类脱模剂，造成大面积空鼓，最终需全部铲除重做。正确做法应采用水性脱模剂，并在抹灰前对基层进行凿毛处理，使70%以上面积形成凹凸点，或使用甩浆法在墙面形成水泥钉状结构。对于加气混凝土砌块等多孔材料，需喷涂专用界面剂，避免砂浆水分被基层快速吸收。

　　Grassroots treatment is the primary step in preventing hollowing out. If there is residual release agent or oil stains on the concrete wall, it will form an isolation layer, which will prevent the mortar from effectively bonding. A certain construction site once caused extensive hollowing due to the use of oil type release agents in the template, which ultimately required complete removal and rework. The correct approach is to use water-based release agents and chisel the base layer before plastering to form concave and convex points on more than 70% of the area, or use the slurry throwing method to form a cement nail like structure on the wall surface. For porous materials such as aerated concrete blocks, special interface agents need to be sprayed to avoid rapid absorption of mortar moisture by the base layer.

　　材料配比与施工工艺直接决定砂浆性能。某住宅项目因砂子含泥量超标，导致砂浆粘结力下降30%，引发系统性空鼓。规范要求砂子含泥量不得超过5%，且需通过3mm筛网过滤。水泥用量也需精准控制，某办公楼工程因盲目增加水泥比例，造成砂浆收缩率增大，在窗台等部位形成环形裂缝。正确做法是根据基材特性选择砂浆强度等级，如加气混凝土墙面宜采用M5.0低强度砂浆。

　　The material ratio and construction process directly determine the performance of mortar. A residential project experienced a 30% decrease in mortar bonding strength due to excessive sand and mud content, resulting in systematic hollowing. The specification requires that the mud content of sand should not exceed 5% and it should be filtered through a 3mm sieve. The amount of cement also needs to be precisely controlled. In a certain office building project, blindly increasing the proportion of cement resulted in an increase in mortar shrinkage rate, forming circular cracks in window sills and other areas. The correct approach is to select the strength grade of mortar based on the characteristics of the substrate. For example, M5.0 low strength mortar should be used for aerated concrete walls.

　　施工环节存在三大风险点：一是单次抹灰过厚，规范要求每层厚度控制在7-10mm，但某商业综合体因赶工期单次抹灰达15mm，导致砂浆自重下垂形成空腔；二是工序间隔不足，前层砂浆未初凝就进行下道工序，造成层间结合不良；三是养护缺失，某医院项目抹灰后未做保湿处理，在干燥气候下砂浆失水过快，7日内空鼓率达25%。

　　There are three major risk points in the construction process: firstly, the single plastering is too thick, and the standard requires the thickness of each layer to be controlled within 7-10mm. However, in a commercial complex, due to rushing the construction period, the single plastering reaches 15mm, resulting in the self weight of the mortar sagging and forming cavities; Secondly, there is insufficient interval between processes, and the next process is carried out before the initial setting of the previous layer of mortar, resulting in poor interlayer bonding; Thirdly, there is a lack of maintenance. After plastering, a certain hospital project did not do moisturizing treatment, and the mortar lost water too quickly in dry weather, resulting in a hollowing rate of 25% within 7 days.

　　针对已出现的空鼓，需根据严重程度采取差异化修复方案。对于直径小于10cm的点状空鼓，可采用注射法处理：在空鼓中心钻Φ6mm注浆孔，使用低粘度环氧树脂进行压力灌浆，待树脂固化后修补孔洞。某酒店项目采用该技术，24小时即可恢复使用。对于面积超过0.5㎡的片状空鼓，则需实施局部翻修：沿空鼓边缘切割出规则矩形，深度至坚实基层，清除松散砂浆后涂刷界面剂，分层修补并挂钢丝网加强。

　　Differentiated repair plans should be adopted based on the severity of the hollowing that has occurred. For point like hollow drums with a diameter less than 10cm, injection method can be used for treatment: drill a Φ 6mm grouting hole in the center of the hollow drum, use low viscosity epoxy resin for pressure grouting, and repair the hole after the resin solidifies. A certain hotel project adopts this technology, which can be restored to use within 24 hours. For sheet shaped hollows with an area exceeding 0.5 square meters, partial renovation is required: cut regular rectangles along the edge of the hollows, deep to a solid base, remove loose mortar, apply interface agent, repair in layers, and hang steel wire mesh for reinforcement.

　　预防空鼓需建立全过程管控体系。在材料验收环节，除检查合格证外，还应进行现场复试，重点检测砂浆保水率、凝结时间等指标。施工过程中推行"三检制度"：基层处理后自检平整度，抹灰前专检湿润度，抹灰后互检空鼓情况。

　　To prevent hollowing, a full process control system needs to be established. In the material acceptance process, in addition to checking the certificate of conformity, on-site retesting should also be conducted, with a focus on testing indicators such as mortar water retention rate and setting time. Implement the "three inspection system" during the construction process: self check the flatness after base treatment, conduct a special inspection of moisture before plastering, and conduct mutual inspection of hollowing after plastering. A certain affordable housing project has reduced the hollowing rate from the industry average of 8% to 1.5% by setting up dedicated quality inspectors. 

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