抹灰石膏的发展近况

　　Development status of plastering gypsum

　　01国外抹灰石膏的发展上世纪50年代末，随着德国干混砂浆的快速发展，德国可耐福集团开发了单层石膏基抹灰干混砂浆产品。上世纪60年代中期他们又发明了单层石膏抹灰砂浆喷涂机PFT-G5C及机喷用抹灰石膏产品MP75，并在随后开启了抹灰石膏机械化施工的革命，从此抹灰石膏的技术及市场发展进入了一个新的发展阶段。欧美先进发达国家早在40年前已大量使用抹灰石膏。如德国现在75%以上抹灰材料是抹灰石膏；英国抹灰石膏的使用占石膏建材总量的50%；法国占石膏制品总和的23%；西班牙室内抹灰90%使用抹灰石膏，还有日本抹灰石膏产量在二十世纪七十年代末就达到40万吨。02国内抹灰石膏的发展我国抹灰石膏的研究与发展相对较晚，直到上世纪80年代初期相关科研院所才开始进行抹灰石膏的研究。随着相关技术问题的不断解决和各项政策的逐步推进，抹灰石膏开始进入市场。进入本世纪以来，由于抹灰石膏的研究、生产、应用技术已趋于完善，而且其性能优点也开始被施工人员接受，抹灰石膏在国内进入了较快速的发展。自2014年以来，随着机喷应用的快速发展，抹灰石膏的增长已经进入一个加速期。根据相关·统计资料，2019年抹灰石膏的用量已达到400万吨。03市场状况国内：2024年抹灰石膏的用量已达到440万吨，预计2026年我国抹灰石膏的实际需求量将超过600万吨。抹灰石膏的市场i极限容量预估为1200万吨，目前抹灰石膏正处于快速发展阶段。 ??发达国家：抹灰石膏总的用量已达到全部抹灰用量的50%，有的甚至高达70%。PART2抹灰石膏的定义及技术要求指标

　　In the late 1950s, with the rapid development of dry mix mortar in Germany, the German Knauf Group developed a single-layer gypsum based plaster dry mix mortar product. In the mid-1960s, they invented the single-layer gypsum plastering mortar spraying machine PFT-G5C and the machine spraying plastering gypsum product MP75, and subsequently launched a revolution in the mechanization of plastering gypsum construction. From then on, the technology and market development of plastering gypsum entered a new stage of development. Advanced developed countries in Europe and America have been extensively using plaster gypsum as early as 40 years ago. Currently, over 75% of plastering materials in Germany are plaster gypsum; The use of plastering gypsum in the UK accounts for 50% of the total amount of gypsum building materials; France accounts for 23% of the total gypsum products; 90% of indoor plastering in Spain uses plaster, and Japan's plaster production reached 400000 tons in the late 1970s. The development of plastering gypsum in China was relatively late, and it was not until the early 1980s that relevant research institutes began to study plastering gypsum. With the continuous resolution of relevant technical issues and the gradual promotion of various policies, plaster gypsum has begun to enter the market. Since the beginning of this century, due to the improvement of research, production, and application technology of plaster gypsum, and the acceptance of its performance advantages by construction personnel, plaster gypsum has entered a relatively rapid development in China. Since 2014, with the rapid development of machine spraying applications, the growth of plastering gypsum has entered an accelerated period. According to relevant statistical data, the amount of plaster used in 2019 has reached 4 million tons. Market situation in China: The usage of plaster gypsum has reached 4.4 million tons in 2024, and it is expected that the actual demand for plaster gypsum in China will exceed 6 million tons by 2026. The estimated maximum capacity of the plastering gypsum market is 12 million tons, and currently plastering gypsum is in a rapid development stage. Developed countries: The total amount of gypsum used for plastering has reached 50% of the total plastering amount, and some even up to 70%. Definition and technical requirements indicators of PART2 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏是以半水石膏（CaSO4·1/2H2O)和Ⅱ型无水硫酸钙（Ⅱ型CaSO4）单独或两者混合后作为主要胶凝材料，掺入外加剂制成的抹灰材料。2019年，中散协组织业内知名企业、专家学者编写《轻质抹灰用半水石膏》，推动行业发展进入新阶段。机械喷涂抹灰石膏是采用机械喷涂抹灰工艺的石膏抹灰材料，需要一定技术要求和工地实践经验。

　　Plastering gypsum is a plastering material made by mixing semi hydrated gypsum (CaSO4 · 1/2H2O) and type II anhydrous calcium sulfate (type II CaSO4) alone or in combination as the main binding material, and adding additives. In 2019, Zhongsan Association organized well-known enterprises, experts and scholars in the industry to compile "Semi hydrated Gypsum for Lightweight Plastering", promoting the development of the industry into a new stage. Mechanical spray plastering gypsum is a gypsum plastering material that uses mechanical spray plastering technology and requires certain technical requirements and practical experience on the construction site.

　　PART3抹灰石膏的性能说明及优势

　　Performance description and advantages of PART3 plaster gypsum

　　01性能说明近年来，抹灰石膏以其良好的物理力学性能及操作性能，在国内也日益得到认可和推广使用，其具有以下特点：

　　In recent years, plaster gypsum has been increasingly recognized and promoted for its excellent physical, mechanical, and operational properties in China. It has the following characteristics:

　　（1）抹灰石膏具有良好的和易性、保水性。上墙后操作自如、收光容易、施工方便。（特别在冲筋施工工艺中）

　　(1) Gypsum plaster has good workability and water retention. Easy to operate after climbing the wall, easy to receive light, and convenient for construction. (Especially in the process of reinforcing construction)

　　（2）采用抹灰石膏抹灰，工程质量好，墙面致密光滑而不起灰，有较高的强度和不收缩、不空鼓、不开裂、无气味。

　　(2) Using plaster gypsum for plastering, the project quality is good, the wall surface is dense and smooth without plastering, with high strength, no shrinkage, no hollowing, no cracking, and no odor.

　　（3）抹灰石膏抹灰层凝结硬化快，在底层抹灰完成后约3-4小时就可进行面层抹灰，其装修工程工期可缩短60%左右，大大提高工作效率，加快了工程进度。

　　(3) The setting and hardening of the plaster layer is fast, and the surface plastering can be carried out in about 3-4 hours after the bottom plastering is completed. The decoration project period can be shortened by about 60%, greatly improving work efficiency and accelerating project progress.

　　（4）抹灰石膏适合冬季（0℃以上）抢修工程，其水化速度不因气温偏低而明显减慢，只要拌合水不结冰，即可早强快硬，是冬季室内抹灰施工的好材料。

　　(4) Plastering gypsum is suitable for emergency repair projects in winter (above 0 ℃), and its hydration rate does not significantly slow down due to low temperatures. As long as the mixed water does not freeze, it can be quickly strengthened and hardened, making it a good material for indoor plastering construction in winter.

　　（5）抹灰石膏硬化体是一种多孔材料，导热系数一般在0.35W/(m·K） 左右，其保温隔热能力在相同厚度条件下是红砖的2倍、混凝土的3倍。同时，抹灰石膏硬化体可减小声压，防止声能透射，故隔音性能良好，符合建筑空间的要求。

　　(5) Plaster gypsum hardened body is a porous material with a thermal conductivity of generally around 0.35W/(m · K). Its insulation and heat preservation ability is twice that of red bricks and three times that of concrete under the same thickness conditions. At the same time, the hardened body of plastering gypsum can reduce sound pressure and prevent sound energy transmission, so it has good sound insulation performance and meets the requirements of building space.

　　02抹灰石膏优势以建筑石膏粉为主要原料，掺入集料和外加剂预搅拌制成的专门用于机械喷涂的干混砂浆，材料各项目性能及指标都符合国家标准GB/T28627-2012《抹灰石膏》和施工执行行业标准CBMF ?10-2016《机喷抹灰石膏应用技术规程》要求。抹灰石膏抹灰层具有吸湿性能与排湿性能，有利于多孔墙材面自身干燥。从而可使多孔墙体材料墙面内部含水率下降，避免了因多孔墙材内部含水率不均匀而引起内应力的弊端。因此在多孔材料墙面上用抹灰石膏抹灰有利于墙体长期稳定。抹灰石膏与任何基材都能很好地粘结在一起，并不受厚度限制，不会出现空鼓、开裂现象。因抹灰石膏的和易性与料浆流动性均好，易渗透到墙壁或顶棚的空隙及凹凸纵横的缝隙中，硬化后体积微膨胀，构成键榫与细小勾挂系统，加强了抹灰层与墙面的粘结强度，所以抹灰石膏在光滑的混凝土表面上无需凿毛就可直接抹灰。尤其是将抹灰石膏抹在加气混凝土墙面上效果更加。由于抹灰石膏的粘结力好，在操作中落地灰少、省工省料，为实现文明施工起到一定的作用。呼吸功能：石膏硬化过程中，形成无数个微小的蜂窝状呼吸孔，当室内环境适度较大时，呼吸孔自动吸湿，在相反条件下，又能自动释放储备的水分，这样反复循环，能巧妙地将室内湿度控制在适宜的范围之内，为居住者创造了良好舒适的生活环境。石膏中结晶水含量占整个分子量的20.9%，当建筑物发生火灾时，只要墙体抹灰层中石膏所含水分没有全部释放和蒸发，墙面温度就不会超过40℃。因此，可延缓墙体升温时间，控制火灾对建筑物的危害损失程度。

　　The advantage of 02 plastering gypsum is that it is a dry mixed mortar specially used for mechanical spraying, which is mainly made of building gypsum powder and pre mixed with aggregates and additives. The performance and indicators of each project of the material meet the requirements of the national standard GB/T28627-2012 "Plastering Gypsum" and the construction execution industry standard CBMF 10-2016 "Technical Regulations for Application of Mechanical Spraying Plastering Gypsum". The gypsum plaster layer has moisture absorption and drainage properties, which are beneficial for the self drying of porous wall materials. Thus, the moisture content inside the porous wall material can be reduced, avoiding the disadvantage of internal stress caused by uneven moisture content inside the porous wall material. Therefore, using plaster gypsum on porous material walls is beneficial for long-term stability of the wall. Gypsum plaster can bond well with any substrate without thickness limitations, and there will be no hollowing or cracking. Due to the good workability and fluidity of the plaster, it is easy to penetrate into the gaps and vertical and horizontal gaps of walls or ceilings. After hardening, the volume slightly expands, forming a key tenon and small hook system, which strengthens the bonding strength between the plaster layer and the wall surface. Therefore, plaster can be directly applied on smooth concrete surfaces without chiseling. Especially when plastering gypsum on aerated concrete walls, the effect is even better. Due to the good bonding strength of plastering gypsum, it reduces the amount of plaster on the ground during operation, saves labor and materials, and plays a certain role in achieving civilized construction. Breathing function: During the hardening process of gypsum, countless tiny honeycomb shaped breathing holes are formed. When the indoor environment is moderately large, the breathing holes automatically absorb moisture, and under opposite conditions, they can automatically release stored moisture. This repeated cycle cleverly controls the indoor humidity within a suitable range, creating a good and comfortable living environment for residents. The crystalline water content in gypsum accounts for 20.9% of the total molecular weight. When a building catches fire, as long as the moisture content in the gypsum plaster layer is not fully released and evaporated, the wall temperature will not exceed 40 ℃. Therefore, it can delay the heating time of the wall and control the degree of damage and loss caused by the fire to the building.

　　03抹灰石膏机械喷涂优势德国几乎100%的建筑工地采用机械化施工，机械化施工的原因主要是环保、经济、高效和对施工质量的保证。降低环境污染——无需现场混合砂浆，机械可以全自动或半自动将干混砂浆按要求与水混合均匀。降低劳动力成本——无需专人混合砂浆与搬运砂浆，通过设备进行混合与输送。提高施工效率——机械化施工的效率是人工施工效率的3-5倍。提高施工质量——砂浆通过一定空气加速后喷射到墙面，砂浆与墙面的湿粘接力更强；砂浆连续地喷射到墙面，具有较好的延续性，可有效防止空鼓与开裂。

　　03 Advantages of mechanical spraying of plastering gypsum: Almost 100% of construction sites in Germany adopt mechanized construction. The main reasons for mechanized construction are environmental protection, economy, efficiency, and the guarantee of construction quality. Reduce environmental pollution - without the need for on-site mixing of mortar, machinery can fully or semi automatically mix dry mixed mortar with water as required. Reduce labor costs - no need for dedicated personnel to mix and transport mortar, mixing and conveying can be done through equipment. Improve construction efficiency - The efficiency of mechanized construction is 3-5 times that of manual construction. Improving construction quality - after being accelerated by a certain amount of air, mortar is sprayed onto the wall, and the wet adhesion between the mortar and the wall is stronger; The mortar is continuously sprayed onto the wall, which has good continuity and can effectively prevent hollowing and cracking.

　　04石膏抹灰喷涂施工与手工抹灰施工人工成本的核算以6万平米的内墙粉刷为例，进行两种施工方式下的人工成本核算：项目配备四台喷涂设备，每台设备配5人进行机械化施工，每台设备的工作量为600平米每天（喷1.5cm厚）；如果用人工进行施工，熟练工人每天每人可以完成抹灰45平米（抹灰厚度同样为1.5cm）；考虑人工成本上涨的趋势，我们设定了250元/人/天、350元/人/天、450元/人/天三个单位成本进行计算，计算结果如下表。假定进口喷涂设备价格为70000元/台，则当人工成本达到350元/人/天时，采用机械喷涂不到1个月完成一个6万平米的工程，就可以将设备的采购成本收回。PART4抹灰石膏的施工工艺

　　The calculation of labor costs for gypsum plastering spraying construction and manual plastering construction is based on a 60000 square meter interior wall plastering project. Two construction methods are used to calculate labor costs: the project is equipped with four spraying equipment, each with five people for mechanized construction, and each equipment has a working capacity of 600 square meters per day (spraying 1.5cm thick); If manual construction is used, skilled workers can complete 45 square meters of plastering per person per day (with a plastering thickness of 1.5cm); Considering the trend of rising labor costs, we have set three unit costs of 250 yuan/person/day, 350 yuan/person/day, and 450 yuan/person/day for calculation. The calculation results are shown in the table below. Assuming the price of imported spraying equipment is 70000 yuan per unit, when the labor cost reaches 350 yuan per person per day, mechanical spraying can be used to complete a 60000 square meter project in less than a month, and the procurement cost of the equipment can be recovered. Construction process of PART4 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏施工质量直接影响到房屋结构使用、居住及安全可靠性，为此在抹灰石膏施工中，需严格控制施工质量，认真执行国家、地方及企业制定的施工规范和标准，使之在建筑生产活动中落实到位，施工当中严格按照施工工序细则进行施工并确保其施工质量。

　　The construction quality of plastering gypsum directly affects the use, living, and safety reliability of building structures. Therefore, in plastering gypsum construction, it is necessary to strictly control the construction quality, conscientiously implement the construction specifications and standards formulated by the state, local governments, and enterprises, and ensure their implementation in construction production activities. During construction, construction must be carried out strictly in accordance with the detailed rules of the construction process to ensure its construction quality.

　　01手工抹灰的一般工序顶棚抹灰工艺流程搭设脚手架→基层处理→探线、找规矩→抹灰→抹面层灰墙面抹灰工艺流程做标志块→找方冲筋→阴阳角处理→做护角→制备料浆→抹灰操作→修补平整→压光、验收02喷涂工艺基层处理→机械准备→材料准备→砂浆搅拌→过筛→泵送→喷涂→托大板大面积找平→刮杠局部找平→搓平压光→抹踢脚线（板） →清理落地灰基层处理包括嵌门窗缝、做护角线、做标志及标筋、浇水湿润等。内墙面喷底子灰有两种工艺：一种是先做墙裙、踢脚线和门窗护角，后喷灰；另一种是先喷灰，后做墙裙、踢脚线和门窗护角。前一种比后一种容易保证砂浆与墙面基层的粘结质量，清理用工较少，但技术上要求较高，且要做好成品保护。实际工程中采用前一种流程的较多。

　　01 General process of manual plastering: Ceiling plastering process: Setting up scaffolding → Base treatment → Exploring lines and finding rules → Plastering → Surface layer plastering process: Making marking blocks → Finding square and reinforcing bars → Treating internal and external corners → Making corner protectors → Preparing material slurry → Plastering operation → Repairing and leveling → Pressing and acceptance 02 Spray coating process: Base treatment → Mechanical preparation → Material preparation → Mortar mixing → Screening → Pumping → Spraying → Large area leveling of support boards → Local leveling of scraping bars → Rubbing and pressing flat → Applying skirting boards (boards) → Cleaning the floor plaster base treatment, including embedding door and window joints, making corner protectors, making signs and reinforcing bars, watering and moistening. There are two techniques for spraying base plaster on interior walls: one is to first make wall skirts, skirting boards, and door and window corner protectors, and then spray plaster; Another method is to first spray dust, and then make wall skirts, skirting boards, and door and window corner protectors. The former method is easier to ensure the bonding quality between the mortar and the wall base than the latter method, requires less cleaning labor, but has higher technical requirements and requires good protection of the finished product. The former process is more commonly used in practical engineering.

　　PART5抹灰石膏的优势

　　Advantages of PART5 plastering gypsum

　　01循环经济要求采用100%烟气脱硫石膏，保护矿藏与自然环境，减少二氧化硫、二氧化碳排放；生产过程能耗低；可循环利用，世界公认的可持续绿色建材

　　01 Circular economy requires the use of 100% flue gas desulfurization gypsum to protect mineral deposits and the natural environment, reduce sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions; Low energy consumption in the production process; Recyclable and globally recognized sustainable green building materials

　　02可以做到降低空鼓、开裂工程质量问题优异的保水性和粘结强度，与各种墙材的粘附极佳；石膏凝结硬化过程中体积微膨胀的特性，使得石膏砂浆表面光滑、形体饱满。

　　02 can achieve excellent water retention and bonding strength to reduce engineering quality problems such as hollowing and cracking, and has excellent adhesion to various wall materials; The characteristic of slight volume expansion during the setting and hardening process of gypsum makes the surface of gypsum mortar smooth and the shape full.

　　03效率高袋装成品，机器喷涂，单层抹灰施工，方便高效；凝结硬化、干燥快，可提早进行下道工序；效率提升约3倍，节省大量人工。

　　03 High efficiency bagged finished products, machine spraying, single-layer plastering construction, convenient and efficient; Solidification hardening and drying are fast, and the next process can be carried out in advance; Efficiency has increased by about 3 times, saving a lot of labor.

　　04更加的经济容重小，同样的面积只需更少的材料；质轻，减少运输成本；?无需浇水养护，节约人工和宝贵水资源05调节室内气候

　　04 has a smaller economic density and requires less material for the same area; Lightweight, reducing transportation costs; No need for watering and maintenance, saving labor and precious water resources. Adjust indoor climate

　　06健康友好石膏的水汽渗透性和 PH值，与人皮肤的化学-物理性质惊人的相似，被称为“可近皮肤”的建材 ；具有生物溶解性，凡是吸入身体内的石膏粉会被人体吸收，不影响身体健康；?不含甲醛、放射性元素等有害物体。07更好的防火性能石膏是不燃材料而且其导热系数比水泥砂浆低（0.28对比0.87），所以它能更长时间阻止热量的传导；石膏（CaSO4·2H2O）具有大量的结晶水（约重量的21%），不幸火灾时结晶水会先蒸发并吸收热能，提供更长的逃生时间并且防止被保护的构件过早受热；根据国外的试验，石膏中结晶水的分解速度约为每6mm厚15分钟。

　　The water vapor permeability and pH value of 06 health friendly gypsum are surprisingly similar to the chemical physical properties of human skin, making it a building material that can be close to the skin; It has biological solubility, and any gypsum powder inhaled into the body will be absorbed by the human body without affecting physical health; Does not contain harmful substances such as formaldehyde and radioactive elements. 07 has better fire resistance. Gypsum is a non combustible material and its thermal conductivity is lower than that of cement mortar (0.28 compared to 0.87), so it can prevent heat conduction for a longer period of time; Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) contains a large amount of crystalline water (about 21% by weight). Unfortunately, during a fire, the crystalline water evaporates and absorbs heat energy, providing a longer escape time and preventing protected components from being heated too early; According to foreign experiments, the decomposition rate of crystal water in gypsum is about 15 minutes per 6mm thickness. ?

　　08良好的热工性能喷涂石膏与木材的平均导热系数相近，具有与木材相似的暖性，表面手触感更舒适。综上所述，石膏抹灰与水泥抹灰的对比如下表：

　　08 has good thermal performance. The average thermal conductivity of sprayed gypsum is similar to that of wood, and it has a similar warmth to wood. The surface feels more comfortable to the touch. In summary, the comparison between gypsum plastering and cement plastering is shown in the following table:

　　PART6石膏抹灰与水泥抹灰墙面对比分析

　　Comparative analysis of PART6 gypsum plastering and cement plastering wall surfaces

　　抹灰石膏与水泥砂浆的经济对比根据市场调查收集的价格数据整理分析后，计算成本指数和价值指数，如下表所示。经过市场调查、功能分析和综合评价，石膏砂浆虽然价格比水泥砂浆高，但是石膏砂浆的价值指数比水泥砂浆大，尤其喷涂石膏砂浆的价值指数最大，性价比最高。

　　The economic comparison between plastering gypsum and cement mortar is based on the price data collected from market research, and the cost index and value index are calculated as shown in the following table. After market research, functional analysis, and comprehensive evaluation, although gypsum mortar is priced higher than cement mortar, its value index is greater than that of cement mortar, especially for spray gypsum mortar, which has the highest value index and cost-effectiveness.

　　PART7抹灰石膏的应用领域

　　Application areas of PART7 plaster gypsum

　　01内墙抹灰各种轻质砌块、板材内隔墙、混凝土墙面，已完水泥砂浆基面的精细找平。02室内顶棚抹灰现浇混凝土顶棚、轻质板材吊顶03建筑节能系统外墙内保温系统、外保温系统的内保温补充04辐射采暖&制冷墙面/吊顶系统

　　01 Interior wall plastering with various lightweight blocks, board partitions, concrete walls, and fine leveling of cement mortar base surface. 02 Indoor ceiling plastering, cast-in-place concrete ceiling, lightweight board ceiling 03 Building energy-saving system External wall internal insulation system, internal insulation supplement of external insulation system 04 Radiant heating&cooling wall/ceiling system

　　PART8抹灰石膏的发展

　　The development of PART8 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏作为一种最古老的建筑材料之一，已经历了上万年的应用与发展，这足已证明其顽强的生命力，尤其是近50-60年干混砂浆技术的快速发展，以及各种配方技术与施工技术的发展，抹灰石膏这种传统的建筑材料又迎来了一个最佳的发展时期。特别是随着抹灰石膏憎水技术的发展，抹灰石膏的耐水性能得到了一个较大的提升，抹灰石膏在室内装饰装修中将会得到最大范围的应用。随着城市化的进展进入中后期，重装修抹灰石膏需求占比逐步增大。根据国家统计局的统计数据，中国的房地产高速增长阶段已过，新开工面积增速相对平稳后，内装品质的标准会逐步提升，抹灰石膏会有强劲增长之势。随着国人健康环保意识的不断增强，抹灰石膏的用量将出现快速增长。综上所述，内墙装饰使用抹灰石膏的推广普及程度，是影响抹灰石膏销量的主要因素。

　　Gypsum plaster, as one of the oldest building materials, has undergone tens of thousands of years of application and development, which fully proves its tenacious vitality. Especially in the past 50-60 years, with the rapid development of dry mixed mortar technology, as well as the development of various formula and construction techniques, gypsum plaster, this traditional building material, has ushered in the best period of development. Especially with the development of hydrophobic technology for plastering gypsum, the water resistance of plastering gypsum has been greatly improved, and plastering gypsum will be widely used in indoor decoration and renovation. With the progress of urbanization entering the middle and later stages, the proportion of demand for heavy-duty plastering gypsum is gradually increasing. According to the statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics, China's high-speed growth stage of real estate has passed. After the growth rate of new construction area remains relatively stable, the standards for interior quality will gradually improve, and there will be a strong growth trend for plastering gypsum. With the increasing awareness of health and environmental protection among the Chinese people, the amount of plaster used will experience rapid growth. In summary, the promotion and popularity of using plaster gypsum for interior wall decoration is the main factor affecting the sales of plaster gypsum.

　　PART9施工问题解答

　　PART9 Construction Problem Answers

　　01石膏砂浆的吸水性问题踢脚线部位石膏与混凝土地坪中水接触是否会有不良反应，表面抹腻子或进行其他面层装饰是否回吸腻子层或装饰层的水。石膏砂浆具有一定的吸水性能，但在吸水干燥后又会恢复到原有状态和强度，不会影响到施工质量。注意：石膏砂浆不能长期在水中浸泡。施工现场做48小时浸泡，干透后墙面无掉粉、脱落想象石膏砂浆墙面待抹灰层干燥后（墙面湿度达到20%以下时，夏天2~3d、冬天3~5天）可批刮普通腻子；以防起泡。02石砂浆强度问题石膏砂浆墙面打螺丝或膨胀螺丝等效果，是否影响业主后期装修及使用功能。石膏砂浆强度满足国家标准（强度大于4MPa），不影响业主后期装修及使用功能石膏砂浆在完全干透后的颜色为白色、微黄、灰色，由于冲筋部位先干燥硬化而呈现出干燥后的颜色，顾在大面施工完成初期与冲筋部位颜色不一致，待整体抹灰层干透后颜色基本趋于一致（在抹灰层完成后可批刮面层石膏腻子或普通腻子从而达到整体颜色一致）。但要注意如果刮涂‘过薄的墙面，必须注意配方改进。抹灰层污染可用铲刀清理后用专业搓板进行打磨，从而达到交付质量要求。03石膏砂浆的适用性公区是否可使用石膏砂浆；精装房交付是否使用石膏砂浆(相应的挂砖问题及吸水性）公区部位可使用石膏砂浆抹灰（但挂砖部位不建议使用石膏砂浆底层抹灰）；精装房室内干区部位适应于石膏砂浆抹灰，既能解决空鼓开裂、还具有一定的保温、防火功能。

　　The water absorption problem of gypsum mortar: Will there be any adverse reactions when gypsum comes into contact with water in the concrete floor at the skirting line? Will the surface be coated with putty or other decorative layers absorb water from the putty layer or decorative layer. Gypsum mortar has certain water absorption properties, but after absorbing water and drying, it will return to its original state and strength, which will not affect the construction quality. Attention: Gypsum mortar should not be soaked in water for a long time. Soak the construction site for 48 hours, and after it dries completely, there should be no powder or peeling off on the wall surface. Imagine the gypsum mortar wall surface. After the plaster layer is dry (when the wall humidity reaches below 20%, 2-3 days in summer and 3-5 days in winter), ordinary putty can be applied; To prevent foaming. Does the effect of screwing or expanding screws on gypsum mortar walls affect the homeowner's later decoration and functional use. The strength of gypsum mortar meets the national standard (strength greater than 4MPa), which does not affect the later decoration and use function of the owner. The color of gypsum mortar after complete drying is white, slightly yellow, and gray. Due to the drying and hardening of the reinforcement area, it presents a dry color. Considering that the color of the reinforcement area may not be consistent in the early stage of the large-scale construction, the color will basically become consistent after the overall plastering layer is dry (after the plastering layer is completed, the surface layer gypsum putty or ordinary putty can be scraped to achieve overall color consistency). However, it should be noted that if scraping or painting on a wall that is too thin, attention must be paid to improving the formula. The contamination of the plaster layer can be cleaned with a scraper and polished with a professional washboard to meet the delivery quality requirements. Can gypsum mortar be used in public areas; Is gypsum mortar used for the delivery of furnished houses (corresponding issues with brick hanging and water absorption)? Gypsum mortar plastering can be used for public areas (but gypsum mortar bottom plastering is not recommended for brick hanging areas); The dry area of the interior of the furnished room is suitable for plastering with gypsum mortar, which can not only solve the problem of hollowing and cracking, but also has certain insulation and fire prevention functions.

　　采用石膏砂浆抹灰的精装房后期维修成本为“零”交付后开线槽，可用切割机或人工剔凿成槽，待预埋件完成后可用同种石膏砂浆或石膏腻子填补（不建议采用水泥砂浆填补，因水泥具有收缩及色差等问题）。石膏砂浆不空鼓、不开裂，不存在后期维修整改及费用问题；传统水泥砂浆抹灰后期修补、维修费用一般为抹灰综合单价的10%。

　　The post maintenance cost of a fully decorated house using gypsum mortar plastering is "zero". After delivery, a wire groove can be opened, which can be cut with a cutting machine or manually chiseled into the groove. After the embedded parts are completed, the same type of gypsum mortar or gypsum putty can be used to fill it (it is not recommended to use cement mortar to fill, as cement has shrinkage and color difference problems). Gypsum mortar does not have hollowing or cracking, and there are no issues with later maintenance, rectification, or cost; The cost of post repair and maintenance of traditional cement mortar plastering is generally 10% of the comprehensive unit price of plastering.

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