抹灰砂浆常见质量问题及处理方法

　　Common quality problems and treatment methods of plastering mortar

　　01空鼓

　　01 Empty drum

　　主要原因是：①基层处理不干净，如基层表面附着的灰尘和疏松物、脱模剂和油渍等，这些杂物不彻底清除干净会影响抹灰层与基层的粘结。②有凹处或一次抹灰太厚等，在砂浆干燥之前砂浆层由于重力作用已与基层脱离。③界面处理不当或未做界面处理，基面过于光滑，不能抑制砂浆的干缩导致砂浆层与基层脱离。抹灰前应将基层清扫干净，并提前2-3天开始向墙面浇水，渗水深度达10毫米后方可施工，有深凹处，应提前补平砂浆。另外，应提前喷涂好界面砂浆。02脱层

　　The main reason is: ① Poor cleaning of the base layer, such as dust and loose materials, release agents, and oil stains attached to the surface of the base layer. If these impurities are not thoroughly removed, it will affect the adhesion between the plaster layer and the base layer. ② There are concave areas or a thick plastering, and the mortar layer has already separated from the base layer due to gravity before the mortar dries. ③ Improper interface treatment or lack of interface treatment, resulting in a smooth base surface that cannot suppress the drying shrinkage of the mortar, leading to detachment between the mortar layer and the base layer. Before plastering, the base layer should be cleaned and water should be poured onto the wall 2-3 days in advance. Construction can only be carried out when the water seepage depth reaches 10 millimeters. If there are deep depressions, the mortar should be filled in advance. In addition, the interface mortar should be sprayed in advance. 02 delamination

　　主要是由于底层灰层过干。防治方法除按规范要求施工外，如发现底层已干，应清水湿润、待底层湿润透后再抹面层。03爆灰

　　Mainly due to the bottom layer of ash being too dry. In addition to following the standard requirements for construction, if the bottom layer is found to be dry, it should be moistened with clean water and the surface layer should be applied after the bottom layer is fully wetted. 03 Explosive Ash

　　主要原因是材料质量不好，有杂质或泥土。施工前应仔细检查材料质量，砂子要经细筛筛分后方能使用。04裂缝

　　The main reason is poor material quality, with impurities or soil. Before construction, the quality of materials should be carefully checked, and sand should be sieved and screened before use. 04 Cracks

　　主要原因是抹灰层过厚而未采取抗裂措施或由于空鼓而产生的开裂，如果抹灰面很厚，施工中应先填底层，或在底灰抹好后喷防裂剂进行处理。

　　The main reason is that the plaster layer is too thick without taking anti cracking measures or cracking occurs due to hollowing. If the plaster surface is very thick, the bottom layer should be filled first during construction, or anti cracking agent should be sprayed after the bottom plaster is applied for treatment.

　　水泥抹灰砂浆出现以上情况，应该进行返工修复，修复时，将脱层、空鼓、爆灰及裂缝部分清除干净，再按规范要求进行局部的抹灰。

　　If the above situations occur in cement plastering and mortar, rework and repair should be carried out. During the repair, the delamination, hollowing, ash explosion and crack parts should be removed completely, and then local plastering should be carried out according to the specifications.

　　地面砂浆常见问题及处理方法

　　Common problems and solutions of ground mortar

　　01开裂

　　01 Cracking

　　由于温度差异的变化（热胀冷缩），使地面被破坏出现裂缝；或是由于基层非常潮湿，在砂浆凝固过程中，地面砂浆与一部分水发生化学反应，其余的水被蒸发掉，水蒸发后砂浆体积收缩造成地面开裂。因此应提前将基层清扫干净，并提前2-3天开始向地面浇水，保持地面湿润且无明水，另外地面砂浆凝结时间不宜过长。02地面起砂

　　Due to temperature differences (thermal expansion and contraction), the ground is damaged and cracks appear; Or due to the high humidity of the base layer, during the solidification process of the mortar, the ground mortar reacts chemically with a portion of the water, and the remaining water evaporates. After the water evaporates, the volume of the mortar shrinks, causing the ground to crack. Therefore, the base layer should be cleaned up in advance, and watering should be started 2-3 days in advance to keep the ground moist and free of visible water. In addition, the setting time of the ground mortar should not be too long. 02 Ground sanding

　　①砂浆泌水，导致砂浆中的粉煤灰等密度较小的掺合料上浮，产生了起砂现象。②砂浆配合比不合理，掺合料掺量过高，导致砂浆表层耐磨性差，起砂。所以在设计地面砂浆配合比时，必须结合施工环境进行设计，不能盲目地认为试验室数据满足标准要求即可。03砂浆强度不够

　　① The bleeding of mortar leads to the floating of low-density additives such as fly ash in the mortar, resulting in sanding phenomenon. ② The mortar mix ratio is unreasonable, and the amount of admixture is too high, resulting in poor wear resistance and sanding of the mortar surface. Therefore, when designing the mix proportion of ground mortar, it is necessary to consider the construction environment and not blindly assume that the laboratory data meets the standard requirements. 03 Insufficient strength of mortar

　　水灰比过大造成稠度过高，降低了地面砂浆表面的强度、硬度，影响地面的耐磨性能。在拌合时，应严格控制地面砂浆的用水量，将稠度控制在45-55mm之间。

　　Excessive water cement ratio results in high viscosity, reducing the strength and hardness of the ground mortar surface, and affecting the wear resistance of the ground. When mixing, the water consumption of the ground mortar should be strictly controlled, and the consistency should be controlled between 45-55mm.

　　干混砂浆离析产生的问题及解决措施01在散装移动筒仓中，散装移动筒仓刚开始放料和最后放料的那部分砂浆容易离析

　　The problem and solution of segregation in dry mixed mortar 01: In bulk mobile silos, the mortar in the initial and final discharge of the bulk mobile silo is prone to segregation

　　解决措施：保持施工现场散装移动筒仓中的干混砂浆量不得少于3吨，以免干混砂浆在打入散装移动筒仓过程中，下料高度差过大，造成离析。02仓储罐及运输车内干混砂浆容易离析

　　Solution: Ensure that the amount of dry mixed mortar in the bulk mobile silo at the construction site is not less than 3 tons, in order to prevent the separation of dry mixed mortar caused by excessive height difference during the process of feeding into the bulk mobile silo. 02 Dry mixed mortar in storage tanks and transport vehicles is prone to segregation

　　解决措施：仓储罐和运输车内的干混砂浆尽量满罐储存，匀速、平稳运输。03装、下料速度过慢使干混砂浆容易离析

　　Solution: Dry mixed mortar in storage tanks and transport vehicles should be stored as full as possible and transported at a uniform and smooth speed. 03 Slow loading and unloading speed makes dry mixed mortar prone to segregation

　　不论是装车、泵料、还是储罐下料，装、下料量要大，速度要快。实验表明，料量小、下料速度慢比料量大、下料速度快的干混砂浆“离析”现象要严重。

　　Whether it's loading, pumping, or unloading from storage tanks, the loading and unloading volume should be large and the speed should be fast. Experiments have shown that the phenomenon of "segregation" is more severe in dry mixed mortar with smaller material quantities and slower cutting speeds than in dry mixed mortar with larger material quantities and faster cutting speeds.

　　解决措施：筒仓下料口孔径加大，加快下料速度04散装移动筒仓下方的搅拌机容量较小，搅拌料量少，也是造成出料速度慢和砂浆质量差的原因

　　Solution: Increase the aperture of the silo discharge port to accelerate the discharge speed. The capacity of the mixer below the bulk moving silo is small, resulting in a small amount of mixed material, which is also the reason for slow discharge speed and poor mortar quality

　　解决措施：考虑改装散装移动筒仓下方的搅拌机容量或者安装大容量搅拌机。

　　Solution: Consider modifying the capacity of the mixer below the bulk mobile silo or installing a large capacity mixer.

　　施工不规范导致的质量问题及解决措施

　　Quality problems caused by non-standard construction and their solutions

　　01施工时一次性抹灰太厚，造成砂浆开裂

　　During construction, the one-time plastering was too thick, causing cracks in the mortar

　　解决措施：按规范施工操作，一次抹灰不要太厚。如外墙抹灰厚度规范要求每层每次厚度宜为5～7mm，抹灰总厚度大于35mm时，应采取加强措施。02砂浆涂抹在与其强度等级不相宜的基体或基层上，砂浆收缩与基层不一致造成干混砂浆开裂

　　Solution: Follow the standard construction operation and do not apply too thick plaster at once. If the thickness specification for exterior wall plastering requires a thickness of 5-7mm per layer, and the total plastering thickness is greater than 35mm, reinforcement measures should be taken. 02 Mortar is applied to a substrate or base layer that is not suitable for its strength grade, and the shrinkage of the mortar is inconsistent with that of the base layer, resulting in cracking of the dry mixed mortar

　　解决措施：各种墙材分别采用适当强度等级的砂浆。03不同材质的交界处不采取措施，造成干混抹灰砂浆开裂

　　Solution: Use mortar of appropriate strength grade for various wall materials. 03 Failure to take measures at the junction of different materials resulted in cracking of dry mixed plastering mortar

　　解决措施：不同材质交界处应采取加强网进行处理。04砌体不洒水或洒水过多造成干混抹面砂浆产生裂纹、裂缝

　　Solution: The junction of different materials should be treated with reinforced mesh. 04 Failure to sprinkle water on masonry or excessive watering can cause cracks and fissures in the dry mix plaster mortar

　　解决措施：按规范施工操作，如对于烧结砖、蒸压粉煤灰砖抹灰前浇水润湿。05蒸压砖等砌体未达到规定龄期即进行砌筑、抹灰施工，造成干混抹面砂浆开裂

　　Solution: Follow the standard construction operation, such as watering and wetting sintered bricks and autoclaved fly ash bricks before plastering. 05 Steam pressed bricks and other masonry structures were constructed and plastered before reaching the specified age, resulting in cracking of the dry mixed plastering mortar

　　解决措施：各种块体材料需达到规定龄期，待其体积稳定后方可使用，如蒸压砖使用前龄期不宜小于28天。06干混抹灰砂浆及干混地面砂浆凝结后没有及时保湿养护，造成砂浆干缩开裂

　　Solution: All block materials must reach the specified age and wait for their volume to stabilize before use. For example, the age of steam pressed bricks should not be less than 28 days before use. 06 Dry mixed plastering mortar and dry mixed floor mortar failed to moisturize and cure in a timely manner after setting, resulting in mortar shrinkage and cracking

　　解决措施：砂浆凝结后及时保湿养护。07施工现场掺入其它材料，如砂浆王、砂、石灰等，导致砂浆强度降低，甚至剥落及开裂

　　Solution: Timely moisturize and maintain the mortar after setting. Adding other materials such as mortar king, sand, lime, etc. to the construction site can lead to a decrease in mortar strength, even peeling and cracking

　　解决措施：施工现场未经砂浆生产厂允许禁止往砂浆中掺入其它材料。

　　Solution: It is prohibited to add other materials to the mortar without the permission of the mortar production plant on the construction site.

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